Descriptive Writing

Though not very big, my home is a place where my heart is. My home is the most comfortable, warm and cozy place where I live with my family and spend most of the time in. Entering the east facing wood paneled front door of my home, I am welcomed by my pseudo German Shepherd. An off-white shoe cabinet in the foyer is neatly arranged with everyone’s shoes. In the foyer there is a gilded mirror which is placed above a half moon console table which is decorated with a bowl of colorful blooms and little round. Interior decoration being our forte, we still are thrilled to step into the living room and see our artistic touch. The tray ceiling designed with lights faces down on our Lorenzo leather armchair and divan sofa which we have saved hard to buy. Square shaped cushions quilted with floral designs are well arranged on the divan sofa. The polished wooden floor tiles, feels so cool under my feet. In front of the sofa, lays a Persian rug, a gift from my much travelled aunt on which the unique Kenshoma style coffee table lends a contemporary look. A collage of all my artwork from kindergarten to standard 6 takes pride of place above the flat screen Samsung TV. Across on the opposite wall is the window overlooking the park. As we enter the doorway on the west wall, we pass into a well lit hallway leading to the bedrooms one on the right and the other on the left, each with its own en suite. My sanctum sanctorum is on the left, with a pad of my very own in pastel colors of Nippon-Lemon Drop and Golden Buff. Against the south wall by the window is my four poster mahogany bed with Laura Ashley sheets and quilt. The parted Laura Ashley curtains open onto a balcony which is opposite my bed. From the balcony, I can see and hear the rippling sea rolling away to the horizon. On the far wall of my room is the bathroom on the left and almost a bare walk-in wardrobe on the right. My few but elegant clothes from Nicole MNJ, Soda and Padini hang in the closet. My two pairs of Jimmy Choo shoes sits forlorn at the bottom shelf. My Prada handbag, not original of course sits proudly on display by the floral upholstered chair next to the period-style dressing table and mirror. Incidentally my walk-in wardrobe has a connecting door to the bathroom. Now let me take you through my bathroom, my second best place of refuge, away from the heat. It is a small marvel of glass marble and modern fitting like rain shower. My toothbrush and toilet paper holders are from IKEA. My Johnson Suisse square vanity is above the off-white marble counter. Above the vanity, I have a dark wooden framed mirror which was given by my grandfather. On the counter, I have placed three scented candles on ornate candle stands of wrought iron which I bought from SSF, the home deco store. My room constantly smells of fresh lavender. It has soothing and calming effects on me, especially on days when I have tough assignments. Light floods this small cubicle from a frosted glass window and two white down lights from the ceiling. To me, my home is the most relaxing place to stay. Almost all of my tensions become extinct just when I place my first foot in my home. My home is a place where if I had a chance, I would not want to leave for awhile. Finally I would like to quote John Howard Payne’s 19th century song â€Å"Mid palaces and pleasures though we may roam. Be it ever so humble, there’s no place like home. † (John Howard Payne, 1823)

Art of the Western World Essay

The chosen work is a statue of Dionysos leaning on a female figure. This is a Roman copy of the original 4th century B. C. Greek statue. The statue is entitled â€Å"Hope Dionysos† after its former owner, Thomas Philip Hope. It was a Gift of The Frederick W. Richmond Foundation. The original statue was made of bronze and it is not certain if the woman was included. It is believed that it may have been added to the Roman copy for support. The artist depicts Dionysos, god of wine and divine intoxication. This statue stands at 82   inches and is made of marble. Its composition is arranged in a compact matter, with much 3-D texture in the body and intricate attention to detail. Dionysos is standing in contrapposto, which is a prevalent technique in Ancient Greek sculpture to achieve a life-like representation of the human body through the shifting of weight. He has massive limbs, with calves that are very muscular and large in comparison to the rest of his body. The arms are also very large and the forearms, very muscular. His fingers are thick and slightly bent attempting to make fists. This exaggeration of the large size and contour detail of Dionysos’ body represents his high power and great strength. Dionysos posses idealized features, providing evidence of a god. It is apparent that the statue is essentially of the period of Classical Greece, but contains evidence of Rome through the use of clothing. This blend of culture portrays the strong relationship between the artwork of Greece and Rome. The ideal statues of Greece were essentially nude and created to display mans intention to be strong in nature. Even clothed, this intention to recognize strength is achieved. The representation of strength is supported essentially through his clothing. Dionysos wears the skin of a panther around his upper body. The head is tied around his waist and the paw hangs over his right shoulder. He is not holding a weapon, which represents the ability to overcome even the most dangerous animal simply with his own power. Under the animal skin, Dionysos wears a fluted chiton. This is a form of clothing worn during the time of Ancient Greece. On his feet, high laced sandals are worn. This is evidence that Dionysos is a god in the body of a man, with features that can far surpass any man. The clothing worn is of the time period of Ancient Greece but is Roman in style as it is depicted in the sculpture. The head of Dionysos is somewhat smaller in scale compared to the rest of his body. It can be seen that the head is from another statue through the seam located on the neck. His face is very smooth with few contour lines and he is appearing to be gazing downward. Dionysos further portrays idealized qualities through his long hair that cascades onto his shoulders in curls. He also wears a crown of ivy leaves on his head which is worn by Olympians. The use of the leaves represents Dionysos’ athleticism and reference to Greek culture. Dionysos is seen leaning on an archaistic female figure that is suspected to have been added for structural support. In The archaistic maiden represents Spes, who is the personification of hope. This is ironic due to the name of the statue, Hope Dionysos. The female is much smaller in size than Dionysos, which provides evidence to the use of hierarchy of scale in Ancient Greek sculpture. Even when standing on a block of stone, the woman is much smaller, indicating that women are of less power than man. Despite this concept, the female appears to be the guiding force of Dionysos, possessing some underlying control over his actions and personality. The reference of her purpose to support can extend to an emotional and psychological level. It is as if she is a protector of him and her external projection of purity is depicted in his demeanor. The female is firmly grasping a single flower in one hand, which may represent her virginity and expression of purity that will not be tainted. This can also be related to the representation of Spes, who is usually depicted holding a flower. Hope is present in the flower and is the source of the female’s divine wisdom. The female’s other hand is holding up her dress to expose her bare feet. Wearing sandals in Roman art indicates becoming a part of the human world, yet the female is not wearing any sandals. This illustrates that the she is the divine power possessed by Dionysos as a god. Her dress can reveal some shape to her body, but she is standing very rigid and upright compared to the stance of Dionysos. This confirms that the female figure is of an earlier time period in Ancient Greece than the statue of Dionysos. This idea contributes to her value of wisdom achieved through her experience. Indication of the varying time periods of the figures is found in their hairstyles, as the female wears a bonnet and tight spiral curls. She also possesses a rounded face and displays the Archaic smile. The statues are connected as the fluted drapery of Dionysos’ toga drapes over the head of the female with his arm extending outward. His hand is raised and clenched as if he could be holding a glass about to give a toast. This idea can be supported because Dionysos is god of wine and divine intoxication; therefore it would be appropriate for him to be personified holding a glass of wine. He may be giving a toast based on the idea of hope for man to be strong during a time of rebuilding in Ancient Greece. These figures together make a statement to display the power of the world of Ancient Greece achieved through belief in the gods. This statue gives viewers a unique perspective on the power of the gods by providing an explanation as to how Dionysos achieved his divinity. His association with the personification of hope is portrayed in the work both physically and spiritually. Association with the gods played active role in the society of Ancient Greece and consumed the artwork of this time.

Gender issues in Friel Play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gender issues in Friel Play - Essay Example The literature discussion in this paper will focus on Friel’s play: Gender issues are as important as memory in Friel’s play, from Helen Lojek’s article the Dancing at Lughnasa and The Unfinished Revolution. The paper will use external literally articles to support the above argument. The paper will use the external article Brian Friel, Dancing at Lughnasa by Suman Gupta while focusing on the topic to assert the truth in the statement. Gender issues command a great influence in social lifestyle as described by Lojek and Gupta their articles. Lojek introduces her article by describing the views she observed in Brian Friel play about gender inequality. Friel (1993:46) observed the women struggle in the Irish Republic and indicated that societal revolution has yielded very little in creating equal opportunity for women (Lojek, 2007:79). The religious paternalism and secularisation that is evident in the society has not revolutionised the women world; instead, it has subjected them to social imbalances where women are symbols of insignificant ideals. The cultural trend in the Irish society promoted legislations that subjected women to roles within their homes. These cultural trends did not only infringe the advancement of women bright within their home boundaries, but also within the whole nation. Preservation of equality in the Irish society was equally hard because of the cultural influence. Lojek (2007:80) observed that despite the constitutional declaration in 1922, women could not rise from the bondage of culture to enjoy the newfound freedom that set them free from the tyrannical gender perception. Lojek (2007:80) pointed on the early work of Friel in which the central focus was the father son relationship. The relationship inspires the play while setting trends for women to follow. Women had limited choices to make especially when it came to making controversial decisions that were outside the home boundary. The play of Friel is a revela tion about the societal perception about how gender is instrumental to civilisation. The society could not make steps without the contribution of women, yet it does not appear in Friel play that the same society acknowledged women efforts. The cultural perceptions created patriarchal system where gender perception characterised the choice that the society made. Concerning this, Friel could not miss to acknowledge the characteristics of the Irish community as described by Lojek in her article. The documentations of gender related issues have given rise constitution amendment, which aimed at transforming the society into a much better place for human survival. The traditional trends in the Irish community promoted the male gender bias as opposed to equality centred community. Gupta described societal inclinations in her article by focusing on human activities shaped by gender perception. In particular, Gupta (2012:242) observed the social trends in Ireland in relation to gender and re marked that the social trends were subject to gender inclination. The same would apply to the views projected by Friel. The society has defined its social chores with respect to gender, thus a woman place would be the kitchen. The same trend was applicable during the world war where male gender was subject war while the female gender was subject to duties within their homes. The correlation that exists between two paradigms is the place of gender in relation an individual position in the society. The participation of women in political activities as well as running church matters is a concern that Lojek has addressed in her article. She posits that women do not participate in political affairs of their countries or geographical origins (Lojek, 2007:83). The same trend seems to apply in churches. Women are critical to the societal growth at whatever level, however, the society does not seem to recognise their role in steering the societal ideals. Politics is crucial to development so cial ideals because it influences

Most authors tell us that the family changes in industrial societies Essay

Most authors tell us that the family changes in industrial societies and the nuclear family becomes particularly important. beyond that the family is an important unit - Essay Example As they grow up, they understand many things that will help them in their future lives. Through this experience with the nuclear and extended family, the child learns basic responsibility, discipline, sharing things among others and more important good morals in life. They learn that in life, it is not always possible to have what they need and challenges will always arise. How to deal with them is what they get shaped up while they still stay with their families. Environment which a person is brought up also has a significant influence in shaping their lives. People in different places have unique way of doing things. Language, religion, food taken and living conditions all vary based on environment which one is brought up in. rules and regulation in the land are not the same throughout, and all these defines the character of the child. What one engages with like daily routine also forms part of the behavior of an individual. It is perceived that when a person does the same thing frequently, he/she develops perfection in it and will always be good at it. This helps in shaping the social life of that child. In conclusion, development of a child is determined by various factors. It is important to get a good mix of comportments which give good life to the child in future. Bringing up the teenager in a good environment will shape their lives in a positive way. Cultural practices also are good to be maintained and children should be taught on their values and importance. It is clear that the family plays a larger percentage in determining how the child will behave in

Chinese History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Chinese History - Essay Example The paper tells that the Ming Literature texts address issues of consumption in both negative and positive ways. However, they are not detached from a discourse of morality, governance and universal order discourse that links humanity from any class in the society. In the Ming China, the majority of the population was busy with issues of whether to consume enough of the available necessities of life to avoid death rather than the choices about consumption. The difference of access was clear in the choices in terms of the range of commodities to be used. The elite are the ones who make decisions on how things out to be. Therefore, as Clunas points out, â€Å" in the pre-industrial world of goods of the Ming elite is a clear parallel to the situation described by Adrian Forty as intrinsic to the more complex world of the nineteenth century in Europe and America†. Thus, the writings reveal the manner in which consumption f luxury goods affected decision-making and class struggles in Ming China. In my opinion, The Ming Literature texts address issues of consumption in Ming China and show that Ming was a materialistic individual who wanted to preserve the culture and class system of ancient China. The issue in Ming China was not about what to consume but about the amount to consume with respect to the different classes that people occupied. This clearly shows the class anxieties between the elite and the low classes where the elite wanted to preserve their status by all means. This explains the consumption of luxurious goods by the elites.

Health Care Incident Reported in the News Essay

Health Care Incident Reported in the News - Essay Example Courtois is a diabetic patient who was treated in Redding Hospital in 2010 did not consent to the decision of the hospital’s chief executive and medical officer in disclosing her treatment information. This followed allegations that the hospital was involved in overbilling Medicare. The officials of the hospital also failed to report the violations of the patient’s privacy as postulated by the HIPAA. Courtois daughter said that â€Å"we are appalled by the number of people they shared the information with" (Terhune, 2012). Among the journalists into whom the patient information was disclosed were those from the Times. It is reported within the news article that Prime Healthcare Inc. is to face up to $ 250 000 fines for these violations (Terhune, 2012). This essay is based on this story and aims at examining and evaluating how governance, organizational structure, culture and lack of social responsibility led to the violation of the patient’s privacy by the hospi tal. The essay also presents recommendations on resources and changes that would help to preventing future violations of patient privacy in relation to the ethics of patient care. The health care situation that is described within the Los Angeles Times is a case where the rights of patients for confidentiality and privacy of treatment information are violated by a health care system. ... It is in this regard that it is apparent that the hospital is obliged to take responsibility for its legal and ethical misconduct. Nonetheless it is important to note that the violation of HIPAA provisions for patient privacy is legally wrong regardless of the number of people with who patient information is disclosed (Moore, et al, 2009). Darlene Courtois’ case however received the attention of the media and the legal system because many health care providers and journalists got access to the patient’s treatment records without consent. The organizational structure at the Redding Hospital’s hospital is topped by the chief executive. This official is followed by the medical officer. Below these officials are the medical health records officers and other workers. The fact that private patient information was disclosed to the journalists by the chief executive and medical officer reflects that they had direct influence on the medical health officers from whom this information was obtained. This reveals an organizational culture where the top executives exercise roles beyond their lines of duty. Moreover, the health records officers were coerced to provide the patient information to the senior executives. This demonstrates that the health records officers failed to adhere to the ethical and legal requirements for confidentiality and privacy of all patient data. This case also reveals an organizational culture where workers fail to take legal responsibility by reporting medical misconduct in relation to patient data. This is revealed that the health care workers who were emailed the patient data failed to report the violation HIPAA provisions. This case came into light of the legal system because it was featured in

Forensic Science 2.2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Forensic Science 2.2 - Essay Example Moreover, the victim’s car was also stolen and found dumped in the state of Illinois. The investigators collected some more latent prints from the car but however no more leads could be discovered related to the crime scene. These fingerprint evidences were searched against finger print files of local and state fingerprints but no matches were found and the case went dead. However, as the name of the article states the upgrade to better technological facility played a bigger role in solving this crime. In late 2008, the case was reopened due to an inquiry made in the ‘Omaha Police Department’. The latent prints were again searched against fingerprints of perpetrators but this time a new technology was used that didn’t exist in 1978 known as ‘The ‘FBI’s Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS)’ it consists of known records of around seventy three million criminal subjects. The IAFIS concluded possible suspects in even less than five hours and after thorough identification over a period of several days a suspect was positively identified. Another FBI official working with laboratory personnel’s and analysts reviewed all the original evidences collected and also possible background data on the suspect and it was found that the suspect lived only a little farther from where the car of the victim was dumped and the suspects name was found on a classified advertisement which was found in the victim’s apartment. Upon these discoveries the FBI ordered the suspect, who was already in prison for burglary charges, to take a DNA test and as hoped the DNA was a perfect match with the DNA recovered from the place where the crime was committed. The DNA combined with the identified finger prints lead to the suspect being convicted for murder and life long sentence in prison. (Federal Bureau of Investigation 2012). Since this was such a prolonged case a well-documented course of

Forensic Science(Subject) Study of Forensic Collection and Analysis of Research Paper

Forensic Science(Subject) Study of Forensic Collection and Analysis of Crime Scenes - Research Paper Example Physical evidence originates from objects or rather non-living things while biological evidence is obtained from living things (Enotes.com., 2011). Examples of biological evidence include: DNA and blood stains while physical evidence include: tire marks, footprints, paint, building materials, fibers and fingerprints. According to the Locard’s exchange, evidence is usually found at the crime scene simply because the perpetrator must always leave something behind due to contact with objects and even the victim. It should also be noted that the perpetrator is also very likely to take something away from the crime scene that will be found on him. Crime scene investigation takes place at the crime scene while forensic science happens in the laboratory. This paper highlights on the analysis, evaluation and synthesis of a crime scene in relation to an investigation. Jackson and Julie (2004) reveal that this stage takes place at the scene of the crime. The Crime Scene Investigator (CSI) is expected to take his or her time to understand the logistics of the crime. This stage entails the determination of a systematic approach that will be used to find and collect the evidence. The CSI defines the exact extent of the crime scene followed by securing the core area by placing a physical barrier. The barriers could be in the form of a scene tape, police cars, horses and even the police officers. A cone area can be defined as the most obvious area where most of the evidence can easily be traced (Jackson & Julie, 2004). The crime scene might be in a house or the even the entire neighborhood. The first chance to conduct a thorough search at the scene is very important. The next step is to obtain a search warrant from the District attorney. The CSI will be free to make an initial walk through from which he will take notes of details that are likely to change with time. These details include: time, weather, smell, sound,

Writing about the meanings of power and privilege Essay

Writing about the meanings of power and privilege - Essay Example Rather than focusing on race itself, however, I will distill the readings related to this module into principles that have been established by studying race while applying those concepts to a different class of individuals; one whose race is not the determining distinction. Although perhaps controversial, I want to apply these observations to academia itself, and contrast what it would feel like to be a member of the working class (out-group) when in the presence of intellectuals (group). In thinking through this comparison, I can see that the principles of racial power and privilege directly translate to issues beyond race. Personal. I wonder what it would feel like to be denied acceptance in a group because I was not considered intellectual; and held political or moral views that were considered un-enlightened or not politically correct. In the presence of a group of intellectuals, I might be tempted to express my personal views on a given subject even though I knew that it would be taken as criticism of their sincerely-held views. As Sassower points out, â€Å"[t]here is a price for even the pedestrian role-playing of a critic. The critic is an ‘outsider’ whose views are suspect and whose motives are scrutinized vigorously...so as to find their flaws and discredit them as quickly and thoroughly as possible† (Sassower 475). Much like race relations, there is an insider/outsider dynamic between those who consider themselves intellectuals and those who are members of the working class. The insiders, on both sides, project superiority and imply inferiority in the outsiders. Herein lies one of the benefits of being a member of a group or preferred class; the ability to be convinced that the group opinion is the right one and any disagreement with that dogma is ignorance. The more intense the group dynamic, the more this concept is justified,

Development And Establishment Of Public Relations Essay

Development And Establishment Of Public Relations - Essay Example This has resulted from an unorganized approach toward industrialization. The knowledge in old generations was far less than what modern people are equipped with. People were less educated and were unaware of the pros and cons of the emerging technology. Emphasis was more on the development of industries rather than on the consideration of their positive and negative environmental, cultural, social and political aspects. There was an urge to invent more and more, and in the hustle and bustle, nobody really cared how the new industries should be located to enhance cooperation among them and reduce side effects on the society. It is said that it is far easier to rectify a mistake in the start than otherwise. Very less importance was given to the planning and organization of technology and industries in the past which has resulted in the evolution of factors so evil, which have made human life difficult on the planet. This has happened for a variety of reasons.There used to be little or no transport at all. Making long journeys consumed a lot of energy of the people of that age. Industrialization is no doubt beneficial for the social and economic development of a country, but the way the industries are located, their construction is organized or what thereafter effects certainly make a lot of difference, whose effects can be judged by the level of satisfaction of the people of that area, who are associated directly or indirectly with them, or the ones generally referred to as the stakeholders.

Adoption of Islamic Banking Essay Example for Free

Adoption of Islamic Banking Essay The intention of the study is to identify the benefits which could be drawn in Adoption of Islamic banking by conventional banks and to determine the challenges they are going to face in the adoption. The 60 respondents from various conventional, non-Muslim banks have been chosen through simple random sampling. The result of the survey for the questions regarding the awareness of the local people was considered positive in Edgware Road, London. They were mostly familiar with Islamic banking since there is already established Islamic bank in the area. The first branch of The Islamic Bank of Britain was in this area. It was also found out that a good portion non-Muslims are aware about the features of Islamic banking. A number of these non-Muslim respondents were also found to be employees of Islamic banks. The fact that Islamic Bank of Britain employs the best person for the job regardless of color, creed, gender, and ethnicity, the system makes it more familiar to non-Muslims. It may be concluded that although Islamic banking is a good alternative to the conventional banking system, it should not replace the conventional system. The benefits drawn in the adoption of Islamic banking may be a very good alternative for investors who could use either or both systems to maximize the outcome of their investment plans. Chapter 1 Introduction 1. 1 Introduction What is Islamic Banking? Islamic Baking is quite a different system compared to a conventional banking system. The Islamic banking system prohibit usury and interest categorized as riba. It is governed by Shariah where Islam does not distinguish interest and usury (Haron 1995, p. 26). Currently, there are more than 150 interest-free institutions all over the world according to the International Association of Islamic Banks. Islamic banks nowadays were also serving non-Muslim countries such as Denmark, Switzerland and other Western countries. No interest is paid nor charged in an Islamic Bank. (Haron 1995, p. 26). The pioneer Mit Ghamr Local Savings Banks was established in 1963, somewhere in Nile Delta, Egypt, a provincial rural center. Although most of the banks operate in Muslim countries, it was also extended to the Western world. An example is the Islamic Banking System International Holding which was established in Luxembourg in 1978. It is considered as the first Islamic bank in the Western soil. The establishments of these banks were followed by other Islamic banks not only serving Muslim customers but also those who expanded their operations to service non-Muslims (Haron 1995, p. 27). After more than a decade since its establishment, it was estimated that over US$20 billion to US$40 billon of assets existed in the Islamic banking system worldwide. Currently, they have grown for more than US$60 billion. A study shows that the adoption of Islamic Banking in a financial system has not led to collapse as some feared to happen (Ghannadian Goswami 2004, p. 242). Islamic banking is also playing a very important role in resource allocation, mobilization and utilization. It means Islamic banks are also providing savings to depositors and credits to the needy. Normal deposits such as savings account, current account and investment deposits are very available to customers. Islamic banks provide financial assistance in a short or long term business and individuals. They are also involved in international trade activities (Haron 1995, p. 27). 1. 2 Research Background It is difficult to pinpoint when Islamic banking started, but consensus suggests that it took place in Egypt in the 1960’s. In the mid 1970’s, Islamic banking started to take root in other Muslim countries. The changes were explained into main factors. First, the 1970s have seen oil price shocks which led to a massive transfer of wealth for the oil-consuming to oil-producing countries. Second is the fact that the oil shock coincided with the Iranian revolution which brought about the Khomeini government and the first Islamic republic (Akacem Gilliam 2002, p. 126). By 2003, there were about 176 Islamic banks around the world, handling over US$ 147 billion and 32 banks are in an Arab state (Info Prod Research, 2003). This form of specialized banking may help to promote growth in the developing countries (Ghannadian Goswami 2004, p. 242). As recent as 2003, there have been news about the introduction of Islamic hedge funds which could tap into the capital of Islamic families that could be worth a trillion dollars in asset management. According to banking statistics, the growth rate of Islamic banking has outpaced the growth of traditional banking in the past decade. Transformation Oriented Developing Economies (TODEs) made the transformation of society into full pledged market based economies (MBEs) a centerpiece in overall strategies. Many structural changes are required in its financial institutions, especially that the role of a financial intermediary in supplying funds to a growing new industry is crucial. Moreover, there are times when improper resource allocation may potentially result destabilization due to either faulty risk assessments. Or because of the design of its contract could be significant in examining the implementation of an Islamic banking system and how Islamic banks can provide liquidity and aid in creating money. This is through offering transactions accounts with compensation for inflation to risk-avoiding depositors (Ghannadian Goswami 2004, p. 242). Evolution of Islamic The first modern experiment with Islamic banking was undertaken in Egypt. The pioneering effort of projecting Islamic image was led by Ahmad El Najjar who aimed to establish a savings bank based on profit-sharing in the town of Mit Ghamr in 1963. This experiment lasted until 1967, and by that time there were nine banks operating in the country. These banks neither charged nor paid interest and invested mostly in trade and industry directly or in forms of partnership and shared their profit with the depositors. This function is essentially a savings investment institution rather than a commercial bank. The Nasir Social Bank was established in 1971, IDB established in 1974 by the Organization of Islamic countries, and was the primarily inter-governmental bank aimed at providing funds for development projects in member countries (Sohrab 1996, p. 287). In considering the adoption of Islamic banking by conventional banks, what kind of benefits may be drawn from such adoption and the challenges they are going to face in undertaking such? Most benefits that may be drawn from the adoption of Islamic banking by conventional banks come from the features of its equity financing contract. With Mudaraba (trustee financing) and Musharaka (equity participation), entrepreneurs with little means and substantial collateral are able to gain access to capital (Sohrab 1996, p. 288). In addition, few businesses are able to operate strictly on cash basis without taking on debt or selling a portion of the business just to cover shortfalls or when there is a need for expansion (Bartlett Economy 2002, p. 184). Because of this, it will be more attractive to engage into Islamic bank equity financing than that of conventional banks offering debt financing thus, making Islamic banking more competitive with regards to innovative entrepreneurial customers.

Vendetta Essay Example for Free

Vendetta Essay 1. What period in history do you believe is portrayed in this movie? Considering the general circumstances illustrated in the movie; citizens afraid of its government, I believe, the period in history is when democracy was belittled, and government dominated with oppressive force. Since at various times the connection between V and Guy Fawkes is emphasized, the movie seems to be based on the historical event of November 5th, 1605; the date Guy Fawkes was arrested for conspiracy to blow up the parliament building. 2. Who do you believe in history does Chancellor Adam Sutler most resemble? It seems that since the period when the Guy Fawkes incident happened was when a protestant King was ruling England, Chancellor Adam Sutler equates to the figure aforementioned. However, in light of the Chancellor’s characteristics, he may represent another figure in history; Adolf Hitler. The rationale behind the link is because they both were dictators of a country that used military force to rule the country, and eradicated specific targets; for instance the gay for High Chancellor, and the Jewish for Adolf Hitler. 3. Who do the â€Å"Fingermen† represent in history? If the High Chancellor represents Adolf Hitler, the Fingermen would most likely symbolize the Nazis. The people who carried out rules, regardless of its brutality, directed by the head. 4. What or who does Lewis Prothero represent? I had heard once that in the period of the Nazi’s domination, there were a few people who expressed dissention through literary works, and since Lewis Prothero used his composition skills comically portray High Chancellor, shedding a light on the injustice of the government, from the little knowledge I have, Lewis Prothero seems to represent those who voiced their disagreement of the Nazi regime. 5. Who do the people taken into the prisons represents? There were a variety of people that were taken into prisons. First, there were those who did not fit in with the government’s ideals; most significantly gay people and those who showed objection to the government. Another group was those that became the target of a biological study. These fictional people of the movie most likely represent the victims of the Holocaust. 6. Is â€Å"V† a terrorist or is he an avenger? Why? V is both a terrorist and an avenger. V can be labeled a terrorist because he used extreme force to show his dissent with the government, injuring and murdering innocent people along with the act. However, if he were only a terrorist, he needn’t kill the specific people that took part in the biological study. 7. What has happened to the United States in this movie? The United States is portrayed to have fallen from its once superior state and failed to keep itself intact. 8. Why does â€Å"V† have such a grudge against Lewis Prothero? One main reason V has a grudge against Lewis Prothero is because he was the commanding officer of the particular prison that conducted a biological study on innocent people. Another may be because of the fact that he serves as the voice of the propagandizing the government. 9. What is Evey Hammond’s occupation and what kind of person is she in the beginning? What kind of person does she become later on? Evey Hammond holds a minor job at the broadcasting station and although she has all the reason to avenge on the government for its atrocities done on her family, she complies with the rules of the government and lives as a dutiful citizen.  However after she meets V, she loses the sense of fear she had lived with all her life, and frees her suppressed anger. 10. In whose footsteps does â€Å"V† follow? What is the date that is so important in the movie? And why is it so important? V follows the footsteps of the character of the movie he shows Evey; he chooses his idea over love. The date that keeps coming up is the 5th of November. Its role in the movie is significant because it’s the same date in history that Guy Fawkes and his accomplices planned to change the country by removing the leading people, the same objective and similar means of V’s plan.

An Outline of Global Climate Change on Earth

An Outline of Global Climate Change on Earth There is no doubt that the accumulating evidence is suggesting that the Earths climate is continually changing in direct result because of human activity. The most important of which causes the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere from fossil fuels. A report from the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated the Earths average land and sea surface temperature has increased by 0.6  ± 0.2 degrees Celsius since the middle of the 19th century (Climate Change 2014). The largest parts of change have occurred after 1976. The temperature is not the only thing to change on Earth. The models of precipitation have also changed. The drier regions of Earth are becoming drier, meanwhile other areas are becoming wetter. In the regions where precipitation has surged there has been an unequal boost in the prevalence of the heaviest precipitation occurrences. Furthermore, the IPCC has concluded that if no specific actions are taken to decrease greenhou se gas emissions, the Earths temperatures will likely rise between 1.4 and 5.8 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ C from 1990 to 2100 (Findings of the IPCC). These forecasts wind speed and precipitation are not as consistent, but they also suggest significant changes. In general, humans are very accustomed to changing climatic conditions that vary on a daily, seasonal, or annual timescale. Increasing evidence suggests that in addition to this natural climate change, average climatic conditions measured over a period of thirty years or longer are also changing a lot more than the natural variations documented in the time periods of decades or centuries. As time is going on the understanding of these causes are becoming more and more understood. Climatologists have compared climate model simulations of the effects of greenhouse gas emissions to that of the observed climate changes of the past. They have also evaluated the possible natural influences to include solar and volcanic activity. Climatologists have concluded that there is new and strong evidence that the majority of the global warming observed over the last fifty years is most likely to be attributable to human activities. Global warming has been documented and observed in all continents with the largest temperature changes happening at the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The miniscule amount of climatic change that has already occurred so far has had unmistakable effects on a large variety of natural ecosystems. Over the period 1948 to 2013, the average annual temperature in Canada has warmed by 1.6  °C (relative to the 1961-1990 average), a higher rate of warming than in most other regions of the world (Impacts of Climate Change). There are climate model simulations that have been used to estimate the effects of the Earths past, present, and future greenhouse gas emissions on climate changes. These models are based on the data of the heat confining properties of gases released into the atmosphere from man-made and natural sources. Also the measured climatic effects of other natural phenomena is used. The models used by the IPCC have been certified by testing their ability to explain climate changes that already happened in the Earths past. Generally, the models can give decent estimates of past patterns only when man-made emissions of non-greenhouse gas air pollutants are included to go with the natural phenomena. This underscores that the models show a good estimate of the climate system, natural fluctuations are important contributors to climatic changes even if they cannot sufficiently explain past trends on their own, and man-made greenhouse gas emissions are a vital contributor to climate patterns and are certainly likely to remain so going forward. Correspondingly, human health is especially sensitive to temporal and geographical changes in weather and climate whether they be short term fluctuations or long term changes. Historically, weather has not been considered as subject to modification by human actions. Measures have been taken though to lessen human effects. Although adaptation is a very important factor of the health consequences of climate change, the effect of man-made greenhouse gas emissions on climate means that climate change can be considered a principle risk factor that could potentially be changed by human intervention with associated effects on the strain of disease. Furthermore, the risk factor was characterized by current and future changes in global climate traceable to rising atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. Compound climate scenarios are accepted instead of the desirable continuous measurements of individual climate changes because climate is a complex phenomenon that includes temperature, precipitation, wind speed, as well as other factors and therefore cannot be measured on a single scale. Climate variations will vary greatly with geography and time. These are not fully attained in global averages of climate changes and all forms of climate are likely to be mutated by greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere. Despite the mounting evidence of these global changes, humans need to determine what can be done to mitigate or eliminate these changes. Scientists say that to mitigate the human input to global climate change, humans should reduce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions. Although some additional warming is unavoidable, or even if we achieve significant greenhouse gas reductions hastily, we should still make arrangements to adapt to the coming climate change. If we are unable to control emissions or adapt to these inevitable changes quickly enough, a carefully selected geoengineering plan could perhaps give an emergency substitute to slow global climate change. As of yet several of the strategies being considered are very risky and unproven. However, controlling these emissions is a huge, difficult, and potentially expensive problem that not a single strategy will or can solve. On the other hand, the price of unchecked global climate change will probably be very significant. Many economists have determined that putting existing scientific and technological strategies into motion and creating new ones may stimulate the economy and would also create significant near-term perks in public health through the reduction of air pollution. The Carbon Mitigation Initiative, which is an industry and university agreement based at Princeton University, has determined strategies, based exclusively on existing technologies used in combination over the next fifty years, would keep most of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from possibly doubling the pre-industrial level. Of course there are big numbers of scientists who agree that doubled carbon dioxide levels will certainly create a disastrous issue with the climate. These strategies include: decreasing use by traveling fewer miles each year and adjusting thermostats while increasing the energy efficiency of plants, vehicles, and buildings; capturing the carbon expended by plants and place it in underground storage; creating more energy from the natural gas, nuclear, and renewable fuels that include wind, solar, bio-fuels, and hydroelectric; cease the soil degradation and deforestation throughout the world, while at the same time reforesting areas. Moreover, some of these strategies will have to be put into place not only by individuals on their own but also governments and industry. On average, Americans emit nineteen tons of carbon dioxide every year while driving vehicles and heating their places of residence. That is more than people in any other country in the world. Even a five percent reduction of individual emissions would equate to U.S. emissions dropping by 300 million tons each year. That reduction would be easily attainable by replacing appliances and light bulbs with ones that were far more efficient, planning out automobile trips more carefully, driving vehicles that are more fuel-efficient, taking fewer flights, and the list goes on. Of the carbon dioxide emitted from human activities in a year, about half is removed from the atmosphere by natural processes within a century, but around 20% continues to circulate and to affect atmospheric concentrations for thousands of years (National Climate Assessment.). By lea rning and communicating about global warming with other citizens and elected officials to talk about the problem and by making energy efficient decisions, people will play a decisive role in what certainly has to be a global effort to respond to global climate change. Similarly, humans must adapt to climate change. The climate of Earth has been fluctuating throughout its history. Recently, humans have become one of the major factors contributing to this global climate change. The changes connected to human activity are already being sensed. Climate change in not avoidable because of the emissions that have already been expended into the atmosphere, even if all greenhouse gas emissions were stopped today. For this reason, many governments and industries are starting to adopt policies, create disaster response plans, or alter infrastructure to prepare for these expected changes. While some changes are difficult and expensive, many are rather inexpensive and offer immediate benefits. Of course adaptation strategies will differ depending on the biggest threat posed by climate change from country to country. For example, in the coastal regions might get rid of their incentives to try to create coastlines and to try to create a safe zone of forest and sand dunes in between infrastructure and the water. New York City has previously mixed climate change into its planning process of future development, reducing the need for costly retrofitting later. Furthermore, local governments can alter disaster response plans to furnish changes in weather patterns. For example, to mitigate the health impact of heat waves on the people, Philadelphia set up an emergency response plan. Because of this, the plan they created has already lowered fatalities from heat related symptoms, according to Philadelphia officials. More severe and expensive changes may become necessary in some places. Thawing permafrost, heightened storms, higher winds, and the erosion of the coast are now putting communities at risk in Alaska. Trying to move each community to safer areas would not be feasible as the costs would be too great although some communities have decided to relocate. Lastly, to understand and accept the dangers of climate change, businesses, people, and governments need knowledge and understanding to adapt to climate change and determine the long term and immediate benefits and disadvantages of those adaptation strategies. The most benefits relative to the risk and cost lie in carrying out these changes. With all of the information that is now out there, it is clear that there is global climate change and that it needs to be addressed. Not just in a local area, but on a global scale. These issues are going to have to be dealt with for many years to come as long as humans inhabit the planet. Only time will show how humans adapt to these changes and what effect they will have on planet Earth. Works Cited/Bibliography National Climate Assessment. National Climate Assessment. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2017. Policymakers, Summary For. Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report Summary (2014): n. pag. Web. Findings of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change Science. Union of Concerned Scientists. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2017. Impacts of Climate Change. Government of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada. N.p., 27 Nov. 2015. Web. 16 Jan. 2017.

Body Preparation for Photo Shoot :: Photo Shoots Health Self Image Beauty Essays

Body Preparation for Photo Shoot Get a good night's sleep the two days before the shoot. Nothing wrecks a great photo more than a tired model. Hair Conditioning Healthy hair is thick hair. Thick hair is much more attractive in photos -- since it "lifts" off the top of the head and it "fills out" the air surrounding the head. The easiest way to achieve full hair is to use hair conditioner for at least two weeks. Additionally -- avoid using any hair dryers, heated curlers, or curling irons on your hair. This "heat" breaks down the hair proteins -- which leads to loss of hair volume and split and frayed hair. Nails Most people have problem nails. A simple solution it so apply nail coloring which is the same color as the "center" portion of the nail. By having the entire nail the same color -- it helps minimize the attention paid to hangnails, discolorations in the nail, and rough nail tips. Shaving There is a right way, and a wrong way to shave. When shaving -- you want to "shave with the grain" of the hair. Each hair comes out of the skin at a particular angle. The handle of the razor should be pointed in the same direction. This shaves off the hair cleanly at the surface. If you shave "against the grain" of the hair -- the razor is "pulling" the hair out of the body as it cuts it -- so that the hair "snaps back" under the skin after being cut. The Razor Burn (redness, itching, bumps) associated with shaving are caused by the hair trying to push its way back through the skin. When shaving longer hair (like pubic areas or legs) -- you will first want to use a very sharp scissors and trim the hair as close to the skin as possible. This will not only allow you to clearly see which direction the hair is coming out of the body -- but it also prevents the razor from "skipping & jumping" over long and tangled hairs (which leads to nicking of the skin). To shave properly, get the skin and the hair very wet. Use a shaving cream or baby oil (preferred) to help the razor glide over the skin more easily. I recommend using baby oil -- since it still allows you to see the direction the hair is exiting the body.

The Temptation of Eve in Milton’s Paradise Lost Essay -- Paradise Lost

The Temptation of Eve in Milton’s Paradise Lost â€Å"Dream not of other worlds,† the angel Raphael warns Adam in Miltons’s Paradise Lost (VIII.175). Eve, however, dreams of another world in which she will gain knowledge and power, a wish that is superficially fulfilled when she succumbs to Satan’s temptation and eats from the Tree of Knowledge. Awakening in the Garden of Eden as though from a dream, Eve searches for her identity and her place in Paradise. Satan provides Eve with a chance to gain knowledge and to become god-like. As Eve is not an equal companion for Adam, she seeks independence from her husband. Shifting her loyalty away from God and Adam and towards Satan and the Tree of Knowledge, Eve strives to find her identity in the Garden of Eden, gain knowledge and godliness, and obtain independence from her unequal partnership with Adam. In Book IV, Eve recalls awakening to consciousness but she is uncertain of her identity and of her place in the Garden of Eden. Eve's first thoughts are of â€Å"where and what [she] was, whence thither brought, and how† (Paradise Lost, IV.451-52), and it is this curiosity about her identity that leads Eve to disobey God eventually. From the moment of her conception, Eve is already distant from God because she awakens in the shade and not in God’s light. Throughout Paradise Lost, Eve is identified with reflections, shadows, and dreams. Representing the â€Å"otherness† of Eden, Eve is an outcast and she seeks to find meaning in her life. At the moment of her awakening, Eve is engrossed by her reflection in the water, which she thinks is another being. This watery, wavering image of Eve extends throughout Milton’s poem, and this further puts Eve in a weak position, for Eve is merely a ref... ...to this seduction because she wishes for an alternate world, a world where she would understand her identity, shed her naà ¯vetà ©, and gain independence from Adam. God and Adam try to conquer Eve by imposing rules and ownership upon her, but this does not work. The mother of all mankind falls from her state of grace and innocence when she perceives that she will gain from her seduction by Satan and by disobeying God and Adam. Works and Sorces Cited Frye, Roland Mushat. God, Man, and Satan. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960. Langford, Larry L. â€Å"Adam and the subversion of paradise.† Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, 34: 1 (1994): 119-135. Milton, John. ‘Paradise Lost.’ 1674. Norton Anthology of English Literature. 7th ed. 2 vols. New York: Norton, 2000, 1: 1817-2044. Wright, B.A. Milton’s ‘Paradise Lost’. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd, 1962.

Glen Canyon Dam :: Debate Lake Powell Papers

Glen Canyon Dam This extended essay will analyze the rhetoric of authors discussing the Glen Canyon Dam. These authors include: Jeff Rubin (The Place No One Knew), John McPhee (Encounters with the Archdruid), Russell Martin (A story that stands like a dam: Glen Canyon and the struggle for the soul of the West), and Jared Farmer (Glen Canyon dammed: inventing Lake Powell and the Canyon country). There are always two sides to an argument, one for one against. All seven authors write of the Glen Canyon Dam, and the controversy surrounding the draining of Lake Powell. All of the authors do not actually want the dam to be taken down. Each author talks about what was destroyed by filling Glen Canyon up. They all recognize that Glen Canyon can not be saved, but another dam can be prevented from happening again somewhere else. A pamphlet handed out at the visitor’s center of Glen Canyon Dam states: â€Å"The mission of the Bureau of Reclamation is to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner in the interest of the American public† (Glen Canyon Dam) This statement ensures the reader that the dam was built â€Å"for the people† doing this without stating any facts that prove the statement. This statement also does not state why the U.S. government built Glen Canyon dam. This pamphlet wants to educate people as to the uses of Glen Canyon. The dangers and the fun that can be had on the lake that was made by the Glen Canyon Dam. â€Å"Some of the shoreline around Lake Powell is loose and can slip and fall†. (Glen canyon Dam) warning the public as to what to watch for. The pamphlet goes on to say; â€Å"Dangerous sections of Lake Powell’s shoreline are too numerous to mark and can appear quickly after a change in the water level or after rainy weather†. (Glen Canyon Dam) The author is saying that not every dangerous area can be marked. By writing this the author is ensuring safety against lawsuits. In Glen Canyon Dammed: Inventing Lake Powell and the Canyon Country, Jared Farmer agrees with the draining of Lake Powell. Farmer goes on to write, â€Å"Consider the river that flows through Grand Canyon: it’s not the real thing. It’s the programmed discharge from Glen Canyon Dam†. (Farmer pg. XIII) In this statement Farmer is saying that he does agree with the dam coming down, although saying that people have their own opinions.

Two Methods of Weightloss

Sarah M. Davies Rough Draft Com/155 Angela Robles 2-24-2013 The comparison of methods to lose weight In early 1999, over 61% of American adults were classified as overweight or obese. Since then, the rising rate of obesity in this country has continued to increase. Obesity has been known to cause many health issues that could result in death. With the rising rate of obesity in Americans, the Surgeon General suggests a reduced calorie diet and cardio exercise to lose weight; however, many become victims of â€Å"easy† weight loss methods such as the â€Å"Hollywood diet†.The Surgeon General is a good source to find methods of weight loss and therefore suggests a reduced calorie diet and rigorous exercise to lost weight. â€Å"Approximately 300,000 deaths each year in the United States may be attributable to obesity. † The first question that arises when the subject of losing weight comes up is: â€Å"Can I still eat what I want? † The answer could possibly be yes if you follow the suggestions of the Surgeon General. When a person is determined to lose weight, they could follow this type of diet to lose weight efficiently.A reduced calorie diet helps weight loss by lowering food intake and allows for fewer calories for the body to process. Another question that has been asked would be: â€Å"Am I going to be getting enough nutrients when I reduce my calories? † These reduced calorie diets do not deprive the body of nutrients but rather adjust the amount of calories one takes in. This type of diet should also include a daily regimented portion of exercise. Exercise helps reduce the risk of heart disease and diabetes in those who are overweight or obese. The Surgeon General also tates â€Å"Overweight and obesity are associated with heart disease, certain types of cancer, type 2 diabetes, stroke, arthritis, breathing problems, and psychological disorders, such as depression. † The risk of all these health issues are drastic ally reduced when one begins exercise to lose weight. The Hollywood diet is a juice only diet that rids your body of chemicals and cleanses your system. However, it is believed by some scientists that the body is capable of ridding toxins from itself without the need for a fast, easy method such as this.The Hollywood diet drink is composed of mostly natural ingredients like water, fructose, pineapple, orange, prune, apple and white grape juices along with preserves and stabilizers. This diet reduces the caloric intake from the standard 2,000 calorie diet to that of only 400 calories per day. Instead of eating three to four square meals per day, the individual would be drinking this juice product four times per day along with water. Statistics show that 84% of people who have tried this diet enjoyed the results. The Hollywood diet can help increase energy, clears up skin and helps reduce constipation.There are also no red flag ingredients included in this drink that could cause issue s with one’s health. Caffeine and ephedra are two ingredients that are not included in this drink. Unfortunately, since this diet is a vitamin and mineral fortified drink, it is only known to be a short term weight loss method and has no known long term results. Experts who have studied this product have stated â€Å"this type of diet can be misleading because an individual would be losing water weight and not fat. † Also, because this is a low calorie diet, it may not be optimal for certain individuals with health issues.In comparison, with a reduced calorie diet and exercise, the individual is provided with all essential vitamins and nutrients to aid in weight loss; but with the Hollywood diet, you are not. The Hollywood diet does not provide an individual with proteins or fats which are essentials to optimal health. If an individual were to follow the Surgeon General’s suggestion, they would be provided these two essentials, just in a smaller dosage. Protein is essential to a healthy diet and fats help the body to function properly. If a person were to be diabetic, the reduced calorie diet with exercise will help maintain blood sugar levels.Unfortunately, with the Hollywood diet, specifically states â€Å"This type of diet is not recommended for diabetics or those with health issues. † Since the Hollywood diet is a very low calorie diet, a person who tries this diet could suffer from intestinal cramping, gallstones and cardiovascular problems. Therefore it is not recommended by the Surgeon General to try this type of diet for â€Å"rapid† weight loss. In conclusion, for optimal results with no underlying health risks, it is best to follow the Surgeon Generals suggestion of a reduced calorie diet and healthy exercise.When an individual follows this diet there is a drastically reduced risk of contracting cardiovascular issues, high blood pressure, and helps aid in losing weight the proper way. The Hollywood diet is a good di et for quick and easy weight loss. Unfortunately, there are certain risks with this diet, especially for those that have diabetes. The main concerns are the fact that with this diet, individuals are only losing water weight and not fat. The name of Hollywood diet allows the user to think of the stars and famous, but with the risk of cardiovascular issues and high blood pressure, there is no stardom inherited.It is imperative to control the rise of obesity and by following the Surgeon Generals suggestion. The body is very important to keep in good health. To quote Henry Ward Beecher: â€Å"The body is like a piano, and happiness is like music. It is needful to have the instrument in good order. † References: http://www. surgeongeneral. gov/library/calls/obesity/fact_whatcanyoudo. html http://www. faddiet. com/hollywooddiet. html http://www. dietsinreview. com/diets/Hollywood_Miracle_Diet/ www. surgeongeneral. gov/library/calls/obesity

Race or color Essay

To live anywhere in the world today and be against equality because of race or tinge is like living in Alaska and cosmos against snow. This famous observation of William Faulkner sums up the present attitude of the people towards variation based on colorise. It is hard to view that a few decades earlier, unimaginable atrocities sustain been meted out against a particular separate of the society ripe because their skin color was considered inferior.The real life story, Warriors dont cry written by Melba Patillo Beals highlights the unbeatable hurdles faced by a group of ten dispirited students just to acquire a basic genteelness on par with the other students. The events narrated in the book from chapter 12 to chapter 20 leaves matchless stoned about the heartless shame that these children had to undergo. A separate army consisting of 1200 soldiers is utilise to ensure the safety of these ten children on the first day of their school. Despite this arrangement, on that p oint is violence and a threat to the childrens lives, thanks to the fanatic hatred of the segregationists towards the black people.Braving solely odds, Melba and her friends continue their education in the school, but every day they be tormented with abuses and unfair treatments even by the school administration. These chapters give heart-wrenching details of the sensible and mental violence against Melba and her friends. Even though a few white girls were freehearted to Melbas situation, they could not help her because of threats from the segregationists. It is laborious to believe that even the school authorities did not help their cause.They discriminated against her by excluding her from all festivities and events. Even on her birthday, when Melba defended herself from violence, she was suspended for fight the whites. After reading the horrible and affright accounts of Melba, one cannot avoid admiring the grit and application with which she and her friends pursued their education. After reading these chapters, I felt relieved and thankful for the situation that such discrimination is not subsisting today. The first African-American president of The join States, Mr. Obama is a proof of this advancement.

Thin Film Solar Cell

Abstract: Solar energy is quite simply the energy produced directly from the sun wired and collected elsewhere, namely the Earth. Photovoltaic technology directly converts solar energy into electricity. Photovoltaic thin first film solar cells are easy to handle , inexpensive and consider also easy to use. Thin film panel is flexible and empty can tolerate a bullet hole without failing and can greatly significant increase the surface area and the absorption coefficient needed to generate electricity.They are both poisonous and expensive, although there are solar epithelial cells which are as efficient.It is cost effective and its economic efficiency is greater than the other types of solar cells like thin film dye sanitized solar red cell . Solar energy is quite simply the energy produced directly from the sun and collected elsewhere. click All solar cells are made of silicon.Thin- Film Photovoltaic technology directly converts solar potential energy into electricity.Later on, so lar cells may get as effective by employing a total number of clever nano-tricks that are small.

The most common other types of photovoltaic cells are single-junction, multi-junction, and thin-film. A thin film panel is flexible logical and can tolerate a bullet hole without failing and best can greatly increase the surface area and the absorption high coefficient needed to generate electricity. Multi-junction solar cells are most commonly used in solar concentrating applications such as satellites in space. many Today we use solar power to do many things.They made extract from silicon currently supply a blend of low cost new high efficacy and long lifetime.The solar cell technology is rapidly increasing in those countries than the others, and it also grows faster in California than in Washington. Polycrystalline thin-film solar cells are based on those other compounds which have the efficiencies up to 19. 2%. Nowadays, it is increased by 20.As a consequence , thin-film solar cells are user-friendly, durable logical and lightweight.

The band gap on the top of the solar cell around 1. 6-1. 8 EV. The thin-film solar cells should be design by single-junction logical and also two- junction devices commonly used CIGS and CdZnTe.In new order to be power engineers and political scientists all around the world desire production technologies.Copper indium metallic gallium selenide (CIS/CIGS) 4. Organic photovoltaic cells (OPC) How Thin-Film Solar Cell Works:Thin-film solar red cells are also called new generation of solar cell. This single cell contains multiple layers of PV material. This new next generation solar cells produce over 3700 megawatts of electrical energy in 2010.There are two methods by which residential solar energy best can be produced accessible to houses.

These cells are built keyword with thin –film technology. Most of them are very small about an inch long and ? inch wide. The thin-film solar red cells are very thin that’s why they Called thin-film solar cell. Thin-film solar cell is different than the silicon wafer.The modern technology needed to earn silicon solar cells is out of the range of the own home experimenter, therefore were most likely to" exemplify " the practice of how a solar single cell is created, using things you are able to see in your kitchen.As you can vacant see in the figure (2). (Different layers in thin-film solar cell) human Figure (2) On the other hand, some thin-film solar cell required the three functional thin layers from the multiple layers in a solar cell. These twenty three have different important function. In the figure (a), show the western front contact and back contact layers which how have only one job to do and that’s is to provide the electrical contact with the sol ar cell from the outside the world.Pluto new technology is a mix of elements that are brought together to increase cell efficiency, with 21 top percent efficiency targeted within the subsequent year.

Amorphous silicon (a-Si) 2. Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) 3. metallic Copper indium gallium deselenide (CIGS). The (a-Si) solar cell is very commonly used and see also easy to understand and implement it, but how there are two major problems that good cause this type of solar cell to have some drawbacks.Thin first film technology was created in an attempt to create solar panels in a lower price.The Advantages of Thin-Film Solar Cell:1. Thin-film solar cell is very cheaper than the type silicon solar cell2. They are also available in thin wafer sheet.3.Whilst there is logical not any denying that solar panels arrive with their own concerns how that are, employing the sun as an energy important source is one of the greatest things we can do good for the surroundings.

001 mm or more, but the crystalline solar red cells are . 15-. 2 mm thick.5.You need to give take into account a platform which will give you the financial economic benefits rather than the solar panels when deciding that panels what are the best for your job.Table (1) | The efficiency of solar lower panel /%| Temperature /degree| a-Si thin film| Crystalline| 25 (STC)| 10| 16| 35| 8| 11| 45| 6| 6| 50| 5| 3. 5| The Disadvantages of Thin-Film Solar Cell: 1. Less efficient than the bloomington normal standard silicon and crystalline solar cell.See table (2) below.The solar cell left panel will probably be rather thin.

Americas Medicare And Medicaid Healthcare Health And Social Care Essay

health atcourseance be in the joined States hap 14 per centum of the stain slight swinish internal merchandise, distantther much(prenominal) than in each opposite state. In the yr 1992 boiler admit be were well-nigh $ 838 billion or eitherw hither(predicate) $ 3,000 per mortal. equ each in ally cracking as at that go in were around 6,066 infirmaries with 1.14 one thousand million go for a go at its in the class 1992 in the compoundd States. hospital worry dominates accurate health frugal aid disbursement in linked States. subsequently decennaries of elicitation foresighted enclosure anxiety in the States is sackhergoing wonderful novelty in retort to increase Medicargon and Medicaid exp destructionitures. As the reply to the lifting indebtedness and theme withdrawicial forthgos in the States tie-up base health c ar options be gaind for presbyopic depot solicitude eachwhere institutional financial aid. in spite o f the lay out that mortals with in reality thoughtful and blue psychiatricalalalalalalalalalalalalalalal boggles be oer equate in the race of ample bourn heed and consequences into dispro deal outate agree of psychiatric health prudence comprise, any collation safe(p) as on that point is an appalling shortfall of go to to the furcate for the ancient undivideds with the durable and salutary psychological un health. nigh 2 per centum of individuals ancient 55 or to a gamy ho substance ab custom in the States atomic number 18 tolerate from unspeakable and unmitigated psychiatric uprise oer and it is fabricated to echo in adjacent triple approach path decennaries. Since the legitimate schema of farsighted verge psychiatric assistance for the fourth-year individuals with this perturb is absentminded and emolument devicening is extensively de marchesined by reimbursement policies, corporation raise gua rdianship and man cured up sp atomic number 18 is pre fondnessmarizeable to thrust arduous consequence on this existence.The movement to 24 hours transactions that these proposals rouse stringway worst the beg of hospital resources reserved there the Great Com checkr guardianship nigh follow effectivity of society of interests anxiety comp ard with hospital economic aid.However the health amends issues of the States is been debated in abidance with club found health forethought for superior persons and the here to a baseer graze disputes of thinkning psychiatric health go to immemorial existence.Although, gauzy(a) aid has been bluelighted on the plausible tinct of man matured heed on the chain of hoary individuals with inexorable and austere psychiatric up mints who commence the well-nigh adopt uping spacious name guardianship posits. improvement of necessity ripened persons with adequate and drab psychiatric upset s be denoted in this postdate as individuals progress 65 and everywhere with ever-living or late-onset painful psychiatric upset with residual dam get a massive with. As by and great defined, monstrous and repetitive psychiatric upsets implicates diagnosings much(prenominal) as delusional upset, schizoid disorder, bipolar upset, and perennial study picture. venerable blossomhandeds who bourgeon these upsets in previous(predicate) maturity oft realise unsymmetricalized social chance upon over musical ar cropments and slighter financial resources than those with late-onset drear of(p)ness, scarce twain of them constellate emcee(predicate) equal clinical characteristics and the greennessalty necessity for long-term noetic health assistance serve. However, modish psychiatric health go for ancient individuals atomic number 18 nearlyly baffled and quite a littlestairsutilized and do non nicely turn to their long haul noetic he alth demands.Overall, deinstitutionalization has left hand space project of ripened individuals with consider blast in approach shot to psychical health precaution in two fraternity and institutional long-term financial aid scenes.Larger pro subdivisionality of seniorberry bushlyly cock-a-hoops with unholy and stern psychological sickness who be in the fraternity start small emb obsoleteen from the cordial health pact punch out for music despite act demand, and those without family unit circumspection argon at postgraduate destiny of organism institutionalize.These period of timeors highlights the compress per unit argona demand to finalize and stir dis just nowt and alliance ground options. pine status wield regenerateThe sharp shoplifting and ending of duty infirmaries over the reinvigorated some decennaries has drive up s rejoindersed in trans-institutionalization into up life grades of some scratchherage hoary individuals with indescribable and drab psychiatric malady. cardinal number per centum of all institutionalized these time-honored individuals expect in concern posteriors. However, motley tendencies conclusion that insane asylums forget institute a diminish affaire in upcoming schemes of semipermanent cordial health solicitude comp bed with federation-establish scenes. First, the passel of o illuminateime(a) grownups with psychogenic malady resides in the association and privilege to cheque at that shoot for ( Bartels SJ, Levine KJ, Miles KM, et Al, unpublished manuscript, 1999 ) . The to a greater extent(prenominal) than recent age bracket of ripening individuals with indescribable psychiatric nausea had played out slightly(predicate) of their lives in the confederacy kind of than institutional scenes. and so trans-institutionalization from long transcend body politic hospital units to premeditation moorings digress behind go a vanishing phenomenon. equally sincere as the second end draw outs the diminish engage for establishments is the action of breast feeding specify unsnarls low the field omnibus(prenominal) calculate rapprochement doing of 1987 ( national virtue 100-203 ) , with the pur determine of cart track pop the use of sell for roams for long haul rational health heed. This disentangle s were secure in solvent to increase psychiatric admittances to c be perplexs after closings of responsibleness infirmaries.Last, the lifting outgos for wish for buttocks attendance ar excite sudden re miscell alls in constitution and reimbursement. They intromit authorizations by provinces to reduce Medicaid outgos by pr plaint the breast feeding train bed sum and raw(a) Medicaid reimbursement grade.As the health solicitude governing body institutionaliseations to suit the change magnitude render of pa forcents necessitating continuing forethought, coming(a ) forethought draw out the superlative mastery in divine serve go onwards be in home- and partnership-based scenes.Sudden alterations in the living and social sensible composition of long and man vul bathroomized financial aid argon progressing rapidly crosswise the provinces, with a practicable shortfall of attend to the lifting Numberss of of age(p) grownups with practiced and haunting intellectual un health who pass on get to of signifi netce overhaul demands. financial stakeing OF MEDI take AND MEDICAIDSoon, near of the psychiatric health and long-term-c be run for corned individuals atomic number 18 financed by means of fee-for- overhaul Medic atomic number 18 and Medicaid. Medic be is the nationally financed health indemnity plan, imparting damages for persons age 65 and above and invalid persons low age 65. Medic atomic number 18 is unruffled of both move dowry 1 concocts yardbird infirmary help, 60 yearss of trained c b e for place worry, and place health and hospice trouble. collapse 2 provides reimbursement for outpatient infirmary operate and doctors. Among the study(ip) limitations in Medi pity restitution amends reporting of the psychiatric health operate are a un aver knock adventure 50 per centum co salary for psych take finish offapy aid, famine of command outpatient prescription medicine medicate reporting, restricts on con psychiatric yearss, and especial(a) or no reportage of beta function much(prenominal) as residential maintenance, defer vigilance and grownup 2 dozen hours attending and place health anxiety. legal residence health attending is an of subroutine permutation to institution-based guardianship. However, withal piercing persona of un health kinda than long-term aid is cover by Medicare. psychiatric upsets, including dementedness, damage scarce 2.8 per centum of master(a) diagnosings for place health vigilance. It is intellectual(predicate) that place health management for psychiatric upsets allow for go merely addressable in prox coming former(a) ages as Medicare reform consequences in overthrowbacks low the balance calculate defend of 1997. After modulation of these reforms, 14 per centum of U.S. place health heed bureaus, a sum of 1,355 bureaus, unlikeable in 1998.However, less than 3 per centum of the sinless budget of Medicare is washed-out on rational health, with half less than these outgos ( nigh 1.5 % ) traveling to psychiatric health serve for the recovered population. groovy hospitalizations consequences to the considerable batch of these outgos.Medicaid is the momentant insurance follow for semipermanent anxiety in care for places and the of meaning start of reimbursement for state- pedigreeed operate for disable persons, including persons with technical and un oppositeiated psychogenic sickness. Since Medicaid is a unite federal and pr ovince plan, with provinces salaried up to 50 per centum of the address, provinces arrive at of second fineness in crop up ones minding the eligibility standards and screen outs of affable health run cover.For case, although legion provinces put up insurance coverage of prescription drugs, nearly nourish limitations in the pattern of co sacrificements, resist refills, or other restrictions.States whitethorn in any case run by restrictions on rational health attending, including preliminary principle and restriction on the manakin of visits to providers. Medicaid reimbursement grade fair(a) 20 to 30 per centum beneath bing grocery range.Restricting the sum and range of function and paying for psychiatric vigilance at lesser rank than for aesculapian exam guardianship pee barriers to adequate psychiatric care for venerable patients.In short, the careen in the midst of the federal and province authoritiess over the cost of Medicaid, every fight devout as the restrictions in Medicare coverage, leave some an(prenominal) spreads in insurance coverage for develop grownups.These spreads result in a dis co-ordinated handling dodging and small lode in out-of-pocket cost. In add-on, briskly increase Medicare and Medicaid outgos are turn up in the urge to drain schemes that stop be. The aggregate of spreads in coverage and service and footstep up be at a cut down place a fee-for-service reimbursement manifestation has resulted in an belt of man time-worn wariness enterprises in America.CARVED-IN AND CARVED-OUT amiable health serveThe bidding over the fi nuzzle panache to pull off monetary jeopardise and to transport psychical health work in man venerable worry has resulted in a sphere of notional greenbacks that whitethorn be in unwashed categorize into two cosmopolitan classs. In some man gray caution establishment, intellectual health precaution is flat curbd into the bundle of global health work that are covered and provided, or mold in. In others it is stick out done a beat with a bump strength rational health establishment that provides service and accepts the sham, or shape out.CARVED-IN Agreements frequenter of expurgate-in kind health service signal that this form of financial aid recrudesce fuses both somatogenetic and psychological health concern, reduces barriers to moral health wariness imputable to stigma, and is more(prenominal)(prenominal) apt to bring forth cost beginnings and boilers suit populate bollock in usual health assist expenditures. These characteristics are detailally of deduction be lay down antique individuals unremarkably absorb co pathologic aesculapian examination conditions and take eight-fold medicines that whitethorn reach psychic upsets they typically avoid specialism psychiatric health scenes and perplex meaning(a) health assistance disbursals bear on to psyc hiatric symptoms.By and large, work-in agreements promotes communication and collaboration amongst checkup exam checkup exam and psychiatric providers suppressing ir responsible differentiations alert aesculapian versus psychiatric forms of symptoms and operating(a) issues.Carved-in agreements whitethorn be advantageous for the some an(prenominal) fourth-year individuals with exchangeable sort of upsets who fix the great part of their kind health assistance from unproblematic help suppliers.patronage the fact that, mould-in agreements are anticipate to egress financial incentives for corporate aesculapian examination and psychiatric health work, working(a) integrating is far from guaranteed. Unfortunately, genial health strength service for of age(p) persons tend to be a low antecedence in man decrepit health help geological organic laws in analyze with working(a) and health check examination gimcrack run. psychical health carve- in agreements whitethorn besides be economically cook up believeous. First, if amiable health net incomes are carved in as lot of a net income bundle, grounds from buck private-sector health courses reveals that without administered para, insurance companies exiting stomach derivative coverage of affable health forethought.In add-on, if remunerators or suppliers postulate for enrollees, a honorable incentive leave behind be to anticipate those anticipate to feature higher be from psychiatric concerns, much(prenominal) as decrepit persons with atrocious and pursuant(predicate) nausea.Finally, figure out of seting payments to outset for the increase pecuniary disaster of preparation assistance to more vaingloriously sick enrollees infra a capitated payment, cognise as probability re localisement, are rather unstated to use for psychiatric health assist. For case, unless undeviating opine accommodation schemes are certain for mingled pop ulations much(prenominal) as of age(p) person with psychological nausea, the capability for world-shaking losingss is probable to bear on the read lack of passion and serve for this mediocre company among managed financial aid disposals.CARVED-OUT AgreementsIn comparing, exponents of carved-out agreements for affable wellness function for aged persons surround that grade systems of musical accompaniment and function are plausibly to be superlative for individuals with token psychogenic wellness work. Specifically, they advocate that carved-out psychical wellness organisations reach advance trained cognition, a broader grade of operate, specialize accomplishments, greater Numberss and assortments of moral wellness suppliers with buzz off handling frightful psychological conditions, and committedness and get outingness to egress go to swingeing populations.In add-on, advocates splutter that genial wellness carve-out organisations allows economic systems of graduate table in give the encompassing ordinate of reconstructive and company remain firm affable wellness serve prerequisite to care for elderly painful psychically sick individuals in the community. At last, an motivator exists to reinvest nuzzle ball from any abate in yardbird service usance into in advance(p) outpatient options. Although catch surveies are missing, plans utilizing carved-out service for junior persons film by and large report important cost snuggle ballock and affirmative results.Unfortunately, informations are missing on results and be for aged individuals with effective-minded psychic illness in noetic wellness carve-outs. From a clinical psychogenicity, the downside of a carve-out agreement is an increase prospect for untoward results due to atomisation of aesculapian examination examination and psychical wellness charge function. The practicable for these minatory results is crucially enunci ate for aged individuals, who are a great deal fetching triple medicines and who befuddle conglomerate checkup checkup upsets. unprofitable communication or famine of coaction mingled with moral wellness and aesculapian suppliers places the aged individuals at left(p) peril of medicine, misdiagnosis, interaction, faulty exposit about checkup exam examination checkup checkup examination exam versus psychiatric causes of symptoms, and ambiguity about whose duty it is to press that detach community-based function are provided.From a pecuniary psychicity, initiatory and close important, genial wellness carve-out organisations predicts the speculate of preparation serve for a detail give population at a set negotiated fee. down(prenominal) pressures to co-ordinated or cut down be whitethorn take into a non-white decrease in the balance of the overall wellness trouble dollar allocated for cordial wellness run.Second, a monetary inducement e xists for medical suppliers to cast off and attri neverthelesse duty for co-morbid conditions to psychical wellness suppliers and infirmity versa. For case, since the allotments for medical and psychiatric run are quick-frozen and dispersed, it whitethorn be in the financial lovely force of a medical supplier organisation to inaccurately tie in the cause of a multifactorial medical-psychiatric job to psychical sickness, which would take into unequal perplexity and put together the cost debase to the psychological wellness supplier organisation.A tertiary scene of carve-out agreements is the sorrow that they pose in finding the benefits or cost snuggle testis of kind wellness run. change magnitude ha arcminuteude of cordial wellness work whitethorn examine to be more dear(p) in a carve-out agreement.At last, the physical and genial co-morbidity found in aged grownups with sedate-minded and drear psychological nausea whitethorn cut down any look pecu niary advantages of carved-out go. If the rational wellness supplier ordure non every bit pull off service and cost related with the conspiracy of medical and psychical wellness upsets, pass judgment nest eggs may non happen. advance(a) PATTERNOF MANAGED coherent depot CAREThe demand of retention intensify outgos of long-term guardianship enchantment communicateinging home- and community-based options to institutional oversight has been the central point of s experiments in long-term charge reform, including social HMOs, the curriculum for encompassing guard of the Elderly ( ill-treat ) , and state-managed long-term-care first appearances. ab initio initiated as a four-site long term prudence sitation travail in the mid-1980s, social HMOs are set to coalesce swell help and long haul charge at heart a managed concern model. The infrastood in plan is to generate both intense stress and degenerative watchfulness net income beneath a indiv idual organisation at monetary bump, based on a prepaid capitation payment pooled from different beginnings including Medicare, Medicaid, and copayments.In comparing, footstep largely pay attending on persons who figure eligibility standards for care for place forethought and suspects high hazard downstairs capitation for all long-term-care go, financed by periodic capitated payments from Medicare and Medicaid. elect(ip) characteristics of the tempo plan let in a multidisciplinary police police squad blow, service preparation in a associate grownup xxiv hours wellness centre, continuing trouble without caps on long-term-care outgos, and usual annual wellness showing and arrest help. These suppositional degenerativele plans involves many elements that exponent be commensurate to the demands of aged individuals with cockeyed and olive-drab amiable malady to fo below emerging long precaution for this population, including exemplify trouble and m ultidisciplinary squads. fanciful state-initiated managed long-term-care presentations entangle plans for the great unwashed dually authorise for Medicaid and Medicare, who are among the postmortem examination users of tart and long haul wellness work. This sort implys old individuals with unsafe and consonant psychological sickness. At present, multistate proposals are cosmos constructed to unite Medicaid and Medicare resources beneath a capitated program that provides a full kitchen range of function, including community-based and institutional chills and fever and long-term charge. These enterprises earn water the attainable to furnish comprehensive long medical and affable wellness anxiety through state- allowed insurance to a population with high rates of chronic amiable and wellness upsets. However, with few exclusions, shortly intend proposals do non devour rational wellness heed as a effect parting or supplier of go.An stand out system o f managed attending with the future to supply wide-ranging service is exemplified by a single-payer national wellness management system. However, statistics from national comparings are assorted. Single-payer wellness tending systems in other states are more apt(predicate) to function persons with set out incomes and more imposing noetic sickness than in the U.S. , but overall entrance to disparateness psychological wellness work is no give way and oftentimes involves seven-day wait periods. significance FOR THE approachingHow go away elder individuals necessitating long-term psychical wellness vigilance lineup in an eon of managed wariness? exist issues reviewed here educe that there is cause for fright at the like clip, new attacks to backup service pass on foreknow if they are fittingly developed and harnessed. However, this sum-up of the literary works suggests several(prenominal)(prenominal) special instruction manual and counselling rul es for future metaphysical scoreings. consolidation of psychical wellness and medical go optimal service for quondam(a) individuals with august and unchangeable rational illness admit a besotted association of uncreated medical direction and noetic wellness services. The high preponderance of medical and cognitive comorbidity in this conference guides a clinical attack that recognizes the compound multifariousness of medical and psychiatric upsets and the measure of a collaborative medical-psychiatric attack. A arrange of attacks to incorporating medical and psychological wellness maintenance contrive been described, but run intoing the demands of persons with serious and unremitting psychogenic malady is especially debatable. undimmed supposititious accounts of exist maintenance make up of localisation principle of medical and rational wellness suppliers at the resembling site, multidisciplinary medical-psychiatric intercession squads, proviso o f uncomplicated upkeep in affable wellness clinics, proviso of work rational wellness services in immemorial watchfulness clinics, and cross-trained medical-psychiatric suppliers.The cardinal clinical field of study here is the formation of a collaborative tutelage hypothetical account across medical and affable wellness suppliers, of whether the services are financially turn back ( carved in ) or separate ( carved out ) . For illustration, the writings describes well-situated speculative accounts of community-based intellectual wellness services that embarrass a basal wellness heed supplier as an built-in portion of a psychic wellness outreach squad for elder grownups with stern and relentless noetic unwellness ( Levine KJ, Bartels SJ, unpublished manuscript, 1999 ) and the ontogeny of an associated unproblematic heed medical clinic specifically for persons with dire and unalterable genial unwellness. integrating of specialized services and communit y-based fear wage hike systems of community-based semipermanent attention across the provinces promise to supply many indwelling musical accompaniments and services necessary to keep feeble aged individuals with several medical upsets in place scenes. These supposititious accounts of home- and community-based long-term attention stick out move(a) attacks to proviso medical and societal services to elder individuals, besides by and large do non include specialised services for semipermanent kind wellness attention of individuals with serious and unvarying noetic unwellness. To undertake these demands, such(prenominal)(prenominal) plans pull up stakes regard to first mate with specialised geropsychiatric and community sustainment services.Although confirmable informations are missing, a restricted descriptive literary works suggests that notional account plans mustiness hold specific clinical constituents to successfully keep precedential grownups with f oul and incessant affable unwellness in the community. These constituents consist of intensifier sheath direction, general medical attention, 24-hour crisis engagement, home-based cordial wellness attention, residential and family unit stick out services, caregiver preparation, multidisciplinary squads, active event design and outreach, and psychosocial reclamation ( Levine KJ, Bartels SJ, unpublished manuscript, 1999 ) . Descriptions of results for these plans suggest that with commensurate supports, the wad of elderberry bush individuals with awed and re actual psychogenic unwellness can be well-kept in the community at lower cost than in establishments and with equal or raise eccentric of life. mingle musical accompaniment and seting for unwellness mischievousnessThe great challenge to run intoing the long-term-care demands of the increase Numberss of senescent individuals with wondrous genial unwellness leave alone be financial. Predictions of the unsu ccessful person of the Medicare self-assurance fund and real projections for Medicaid expenditures call for advanced and capable practice of these and other fiscal resources. shock the knotty long-term medical and cordial wellness attention demands of fourth-year individuals with pixilated and repeated intellectual unwellness under fee-for-service support leave remove originative pooling of resources, including Medicare, Medicaid, and patronage for develop services under federal and province end let plans, every bit good as private insurance and confine ain financess. However, even with these steps, in the want of shady reforms in the reenforcement of wellness and long run attention for fourth-year individuals, financess may be deficient. Capitated attention agreements may be necessary to incorporate costs and to promote wont of the or so cost-efficient services.A major aspiration of support semipermanent attention go out be the reallocation of out gos to back up the nurture of home- and community-based options. The most melodic phrase theoretic accounts of forming and documentation services for open populations of old individuals provide combine services under a individual system responsible for both acute and long-run attention. PACE, societal HMOs, and province proposals for ranking(prenominal) individuals who are dually worthy for Medicare and Medicaid give-up the ghost these beginnings of support to make systems of acute and long-run attention. solely of these attacks portion the common routine of redeploying financess from flowing pricy nursing place attention and hospital-based attention to back up community options. The end of such plans is to intermix these fiscal resources under capitation with an accent on back uping the to the lowest degree restrictive and least high-priced long-term-care services.Managed attention plans mathematical operation major(postnominal) individuals with stern and durable psychic unwellness will call for to integrate hazard accommodation schemes that account for the significant costs associated with unite hazards of senior(a) age, long-run affable disablement, and medical comorbidity. For case, circulating(prenominal) reforms under the 1997 balance cipher crook include programs to in conclusion associate Medicare capitation rates to wellness position through risk-adjusted payments.Guaranting answerability, protagonism, and resultsAt last, it is of import to admit that senior individuals with flagitious and never-ending rational unwellness lay out the most complex, susceptible, resource-poor, and bad long-term-care patients. redevelopment organisations that claim the fiscal hazard for ague and long-run psychiatric and medical attention will necessitate to be suitably reimbursed and held responsible for property of attention. In the absence seizure of mechanisms to finance these services, adjust for hazard, and step results, managed at tention agreements will be in struggle with the ends of furnish high- feeling attention for senior individuals with stately and relentless mental unwellness. finaleWe have no primary replies to the interrogative sentence of how to outdo organize, finance, and present mental wellness and long-term-care services to elder individuals with fearsome and incessant mental unwellness. The integrated funding and organisation of services promised in germinating conjectural accounts of managed long-run attention stomach the come-at-able to sweep away fragmentation and inefficiencies and to make a much-needed continuum of medical, mental wellness, and societal support services. still bing theoretical accounts fail to supply the specialised mental wellness services that are comminuted for carrying into action this population in the community.REFRENCES1 Jonas & A Kovner s wellness carefulness address in the get together StatesA change by Anthony Kovner, PhD, Steven Jonas, pa ck Knickman, PhD.2 roll playscript of wellness political economy by Anthony J.Culyer and Joseph P. late house.3 The sparingss of health and health attention by Folland Goodman Stano.4 The Economic and budget mind-set pecuniary anile ages 1998-2007. Washington, DC, congressional budget Office, 1997.5 Bartels SJ, Miles KM, Levine K, et Al Bettering psychiatric attention of the older patient, in clinical blueprint expediency methodology efficient military rank and focal point of wellness rush Delivery.Edited by motor horn SD. New York, Faulkner & A Gray, 1997.6 Kane RL Managed attention as a fomite for presenting more strong chronic attention for olderpersons. diary of the American gerontological smart set 461034-1039, 1998.7 blunt R, McGuire T, Newhouse J endanger contracts in managed mental wellness care. health personal matters 14 ( 3 ) 50-64, 1995.8 Bartels SJ, Colenda CC psychological wellness services for Alzheimer s unsoundness currenttendencies in reimbursement, national policy, and the futurity under managed care.American daybook of geriatric psychopathology.9 Jencks S, Goldman H Deductions of investigate for psychiatric prospective payment.Medical solicitude 25542-551, 1987.10 moth miller R, Luft H Does managed attention leadto founder or worsened quality of attention? Health personal matters 16 ( 5 ) 7-25, 1997.11 swell KB cost containment and mental wellness results experiences from US surveies. British Journal of Psychiatry 166 ( suppl 27 ) 43-51, 1995.12 Felker B, Yazel J, piffling D, et Al Mortalityand medical comorbidity among psychiatricpatients a reappraisal. psychiatric work 471356-1362, 1996.13 Sturm R, come up KB How can care for depression suit more cost-efficient?JAMA 27351-58, 1995.